Understand HIV and its symptoms
HIV weakens the body’s defenses by targeting CD4 cells in the immune system. If left untreated, it can be transmitted through blood, unsafe sex or from mother to child and can also lead to AIDS.
HIV affects fertility in both men and women through biological and psychosocial factors:
– In men, HIV can weaken sperm quality, motility and reduce testosterone levels, making conception difficult.
Women infected with HIV may experience irregular menstrual cycles, reduced egg quality, and lower birth rates. Additionally, HIV can lead to conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which damages the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus. Psychosocial factors, such as fear, stress, and stigma, may further influence fertility and the decision to have children.
HIV and STIs can affect fertility.
HIV begins with flu-like symptoms weeks after exposure, then may be asymptomatic, while weakening the immune system and progressing to AIDS with severe symptoms such as weight loss , persistent fever and frequent infections…
Chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis… are prominent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that contribute significantly to infertility in both men and women. For example, Chlamydia can cause severe damage to the reproductive organs, leading to blocked fallopian tubes in women and reduced sperm production in men.
If left untreated, these infections can progress to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Symptoms of STIs are common
Chlamydia: Usually has no symptoms, but may include abnormal vaginal discharge, burning during urination, and pelvic pain.
– Gonorrhea : Painful urination, abnormal vaginal discharge and pelvic pain.
– Syphilis: Ulcers, mucosal lesions, skin rashes…
– Herpes: Blisters or sores that cause pain, itching and discomfort.
– HPV: Usually has no symptoms but can cause genital warts and increase the risk of cancer.
– Trichomonas: Itching, discharge and discomfort in the genital area.
HIV treatment
– Testing and risk reduction: Before treatment, testing for HIV viral load and CD4 count will assess the level of infection and immunity. To reduce the risk of infection, use antiviral drugs, neonatal prophylaxis, elective cesarean section and avoid breastfeeding…
Antiretroviral therapy and fertility management: ART controls HIV, supports healthy living and reduces the risk of transmission. For women with HIV, ART combined with other treatments can still lead to a healthy pregnancy, combined with medication that minimizes the risk of infection for the baby.
– Assisted reproduction and medical advances: Assisted reproduction methods such as IUI, IVF and ICSI provide safe reproductive solutions for couples with one partner living with HIV, thanks to advances in medical care.
How are STIs treated?
Diagnosis includes reviewing history, symptoms and conducting urine, blood or swab tests…
Treatment includes antibiotics for bacterial STIs, antivirals for viral STIs, and antifungal medications for fungal STIs. Follow-up includes repeat testing and notification of sexual partners to prevent reinfection.
STI and HIV/AIDS prevention strategies
Practice safe behavior: Regular use of condoms during sex significantly reduces the risk of HIV and STIs.
Regular screenings : Regular physical exams and screenings are important for early detection and treatment of infections, especially for couples who are planning to conceive.
Vaccination: Vaccines such as the HPV vaccine can prevent specific sexually transmitted diseases, helping to reduce cervical cancer rates.
Sexual health education : Providing education about safe sex practices and STI prevention helps people make informed, safe decisions.
Counseling : Provides support and counseling to address the psychological and emotional impacts of STIs and HIV.
